Manovich article from Language of New Media (VOC. ONLY)

Vocabulary From Manovich

Razorfish-is an interactive services firm that helps companies use the online channel as a marketing and business tool combining data, insight-driven design, leading technologies and rigorous optimization to build strong brands and improve relationships with customers, employees and partners.

Charles Schwab- Schwab serves some 7.5 million individual and institutional clients from some 300 offices in the U.S. Traders can access its services via telephone, wireless device, and the Internet.

Prada - an Italian fashion company (also known as a "label" or "house") with retail outlets worldwide.

Hugo Boss- a fashion house based in Germany, which specializes in menswear.

GUI - Graphic User Interface

VR- Virtual Reality

Tomb Raider- a 1996 video game originally published by Eidos Interactive and developed by Core Design. The game features the video game character Lara Croft, a buxom female archaeologist in search of ancient treasures

Quake - a first-person shooter computer game that was released by id Software on May 31, 1996. It was the first game in the popular Quake series of computer and video games.

Immerse - CD-ROM library that featues, Browsers, a table of contents outline.

Riven - was distributed initially on five compact discs and later released on a single DVD-ROM with a 14 minute making-of video. The Myst style of gameplay in which the player clicked on objects within prerendered still images and videos was maintained in this sequel, however it was enhanced with many animated scenes. It is widely regarded by players of Myst and other adventure games to be the most beautiful and difficult game in the Myst franchise.

Unreal is a first-person shooter computer game developed by Epic Games and published by GT Interactive on May 22, 1998. It was powered by the Unreal engine which had been in development for over three years before the game was released. Since the release of Unreal, the franchise has had one direct sequel and two different series based on the Unreal universe.

Yahoo- an American computer services company with a mission to "be the most essential global Internet service for consumers and businesses". It operates an Internet portal, a web directory and a host of other services including the popular Yahoo! Mail.

Hotbot- one of the early Internet search engines and was launched in May 1996 as a service of Wired Magazine. Acquired by Terra Lycos in 1998, HotBot provides the ability to search using the top three search providers on the Internet, Inktomi, Google and Teoma.

Johnny Mnemonic- is a short story by William Gibson, and a movie loosely based on the short story. It takes place in the world of Gibson's cyberpunk novels, predating them by some years, and introducing the character Molly, who plays a prominent role in Gibson's Sprawl Trilogy novels.

Narratology - The theory and study of narrative and narrative structure.

Lyotard - a French philosopher and literary theorist. Among other things, he is well-known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s.

Nietzche- was a German philosopher and cultural critic (and - at least in his own estimation - a 'psychologist') who was by training and academic profession a classical philologist. Largely overlooked during his short working life (which ended with a mental collapse at the age of 44) - and frequently misunderstood and misrepresented thereafter - Nietzsche emerged during the second half of the 20th century as a highly significant figure in modern philosophy, and a thinker whose unconventional and often discomfiting ideas are still hotly debated.

Berners-Lee- the inventor of the World Wide Web and Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees its continued development.

Algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um)- is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. The word derives from the name of the mathematician, Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850. Al-Khwarizmi's work is the likely source for the word algebra as well. http://searchvb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.html

First person shooter- first-person shooter (FPS) is a combat computer or video game where the player's on-screen view of the game world simulates that of the character. According to this simple definition, a game like Battlezone, or many flight simulators would be included. However, in the early 1990s, the term came to define a very specific genre of game with a first-person view, almost always centered around the act of aiming and shooting with multiple styles of weapons and limited ammunition. On-rails shooters are often viewed from a first-person perspective.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter

Sims- CD ROM Game around having the user make homes, parties, diasters in the negihborhood, etc.

Will Wright-Creator of The SIMS and SIMCITY


Ontology - The most fundamental branch of metaphysics. It studies being or existence as well as the basic categories thereof—trying to find out what entities and what types of entities exist. Ontology has strong implications for the conceptions of reality.

Symbiotic –

Binary- A numbering system with only two values: 0 (zero) and 1

Universal Media-increases the realism of online Web3D worlds (VRML, Java 3D, and other online 3D technologies) and decreases network downloads by defining a small, cross-platform library of locally resident media elements (textures, sounds and 3D objects) and a uniform resource name (URN) mechanism by which Web3D content creators can incorporate these media elements into their worlds. Universal Media allows content authors to create media-rich worlds that can be instantly loaded over even the slowest dial-up modem Internet connections. Content created using Universal Media loads, on average, 20 to 50 times faster then it would otherwise.

Machine- any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. It normally requires an input as a trigger, and transmits the modified energy to an output, which performs the desired task.

Shoah foundation- Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation or Shoah Visual History Foundation, was established by Steven Spielberg in 1994, one year after completing the Academy Award-winning film Schindler's List. The original aim of the foundation was to record testimonies of all of the remaining survivors of the Holocaust (which in Hebrew is called the Shoah) as a collection of videotaped interviews.

Mediamatic - does New Media design and development for the service industry, education, government and education.

DNA - a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.

T. Rowe Price - headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, is an investment management firm offering individuals and institutions around the world investment management guidance and expertise.

Interface- The point, area, or surface along which two substances or other qualitatively different things meet; it is also used metaphorically for the juncture between items. The word interface is sometimes (usually in technical disciplines) shortened to "i/f".

Search engine - A search engine is a program designed to help find information stored on a computer system such as the World Wide Web, or a personal computer. The search engine allows one to ask for content meeting specific criteria (typically those containing a given word or phrase) and retrieves a list of references that match those criteria. Search engines use regularly updated indexes to operate quickly and efficiently. Without further qualification, search engine usually refers to a Web search engine, which searches for information on the public Web.

Legible City-

Interactive Narrative- examines non-linear structure in traditional media like novels and films and as well as in computer-based stories and

Hypernarrative: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and internationally available browser interfaces, has facilitated many kinds of computer mediated story telling -- like collaboratively created work.

Dada-a source of many different texts, poems, artworks, information and links to other online displays of artwork on the web from the Dadaism.

Surrealism-Surrealism is a style in which fantastical visual imagery from the subconscious mind is used with no intention of making the work logically comprehensible. Founded by Andre Breton in 1924, it was a primarily European movement that attracted many members of the chaotic Dada movement. It was similar in some elements to the mystical 19th-century Symbolist movement, but was deeply influenced by the psychoanalytic work of Freud and Jung.

Theory of Markness- The notion of markedness was first developed in Prague school phonology but was subsequently extended to morphology and syntax. When two phonemes are distinguished by the presence or absence of a single distinctive feature, one of them is said to be marked and the other unmarked for the feature in question.

Phonology-Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics. Whereas phonetics is about the physical production and perception of sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function - within a given language or across languages.

Montage- A cinematic device used to show a series of scenes, all related and building to some conclusion.

Composite- To form an image by merging a foreground image and a background image, using transparency information to determine where the background should be visible. The foreground image is said to be "composited against" the background.

Modernism - An artistic and cultural movement generally includes progressive art and architecture, music and literature emerging in the decades before 1914, as artists rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist traditions.

Post Modernism - Any of a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding modernism.

Semiological - also known as semiology - is the study of signs, both individually and grouped in sign systems, and includes the study of how meaning is transmitted and understood. Semioticians also sometimes examine how organisms, no matter how big or small, make predictions about and adapt to their semiotic niche in the world (see Semiosis). Semiotics theorises at a general level about signs, while the study of the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics.

Syntagm-is a small, Oxford-based consultancy providing user-centered design services, including new product development, prototyping, usability evaluation, usability testing and accessibility

Paradigm- table or set that shows the ways to conjugate a verb, decline or inflect a noun, etc., in all possible ways, by using a model (the word paradigm means model or example). For example, a verb conjugation table is used in Spanish with three traditional model verbs (amar, temer, vivir) in all tenses, persons, numbers and moods; it's a verb paradigm (comprising three sub-paradigms). English doesn't need paradigms, except very small ones, since it's much more analytic.

Saussure- Born in Geneva, he laid the foundation for many developments in linguistics in the 20th century. He perceived linguistics as a branch of a general science of signs he proposed to call semiology (now generally known as semiotics).

Barthes-His long, productive career reached from the early days of structuralist linguistics in France up to the peak of post-structuralism, and Barthes' works are considered key texts of both structuralism and post-structuralism. Because Barthes was gay, although not openly so until late in his life, some take him as an antecedent for queer theory. In addition, the autobiographical and aesthetic qualities of many of Barthes' texts make them literature in their own right, and have been claimed by those interested in fashioning a new performative writing.

Grammar- is the discovery, enunciation, and study of rules governing the use of language. The set of rules governing a particular language is also called the grammar of the language; thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics.

Turing machine- There are extremely basic symbol-manipulating devices which—despite their simplicity—can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer that could possibly be constructed. The concept is derived from Alan Turing's thought-experiment in 1936 about an infinite number of ordered sheets of paper, each containing one of a finite set of symbols, which could only be studied or modifed one sheet at a time. It is not generally practical to use a Turing machine to do any significant computation, but studying its abstract properties yields many insights in computer science and complexity theory.

Typology - the study of types.

Storage Media - The physical device itself, onto which data is recorded. Mag tape, optical discs, floppy disks are all storage media.

Homer- a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey. The comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), the corpus of Homeric Hymns, and various other lost or fragmentary works such as Margites have been attributed to him, but this is now believed to be unlikely. A few ancient authors credited him with the entire Epic Cycle, which included further poems on the Trojan War as well as the Theban poems about Oedipus and his sons.

Diderot - a French philosopher and writer. Born in Langres, Champagne, France in 1713, he was a prominent figure in what became known as the Enlightenment, and was the editor-in-chief of the famous Encyclopédie.

Minimalism - movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. In other fields of art, it has been used to describe the novels of Ernest Hemingway, the plays of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and even the automobile designs of Colin Chapman.

Peter Greenaway - a British filmmaker trained as a painter and famous for his movies and exhibitions.

Text - The original words of something written or printed, as opposed to a paraphrase, translation, revision, or condensation.

Metatext - MetaText was founded on the belief that technology, if leveraged properly, could offer students and instructors greater efficiencies, capabilities, and affordability. This convergence of education and technology has served as a foundation for enhancing the overall pedagogical experience.

Semiotics - also known as semiology - is the study of signs, both individually and grouped in sign systems, and includes the study of how meaning is transmitted and understood. Semioticians also sometimes examine how organisms, no matter how big or small, make predictions about and adapt to their semiotic niche in the world (see Semiosis). Semiotics theorises at a general level about signs, while the study of the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics.